Clockclock main

ClockClock - 48 Stepper Motors Kinetic Clock

Personal project of a kinetic clock inspired by Humans Since 1982, using 48 stepper motors to display time in an artistic and dynamic way.

Table of Contents

• Project Overview
• Technical Architecture
• Hardware
• Firmware
• Build and Flash
• Configuration
• Schematics and Documentation

Project Overview

Goals

This project aims to create a kinetic clock with the following constraints:

1. Simplicity: Use a single microcontroller (ESP32-C3) to control all 48 motors, unlike similar projects that use multiple MCUs
2. Time Accuracy: Always accurate clock without permanent internet connection thanks to DCF77 receiver
3. Compact Size: Target dimensions around 100 cm length
4. Cost-Effective: Reasonable budget using BKA30D-R5 motors at ~4€/piece

Specifications

• 48 stepper motors individually controlled
• Display: 4 digits (HH:MM) with 12 motors per digit
• Angular Resolution: 4320 steps/revolution (12 steps/degree)
• Power Consumption: ~960 mA @ 5V (20mA/motor)
• Time Synchronization: DCF77 (European long-range radio signal)

Technical Architecture

Overview

The ClockClock architecture is built around a highly efficient, centralized control system that manages all 48 stepper motors from a single ESP32-C3 microcontroller. This approach contrasts with typical multi-motor projects that require multiple microcontrollers or complex distributed systems.

Control Chain

ESP32-C3 → TPIC6C595 Shift Registers (×12) → VID6606 Motor Drivers (×12) → BKA30D-R5 Motors (×48)
   ↓                    ↓                              ↓                           ↓
 3 GPIO              96 bits                    2 signals per motor         2 bits per motor
  pins            (SPI @ 10MHz)                  (STEP + DIR)              (individual control)

Key Design Principles

1. Minimal GPIO Usage: The entire system uses only 3 GPIO pins (MOSI, SCK, SS) thanks to the shift register cascade. This leaves the ESP32-C3's remaining pins available for other peripherals (I2C for RTC, buttons, encoder, etc.).

2. Serial-to-Parallel Conversion: The 12 cascaded TPIC6C595 shift registers convert the serial SPI data stream into 96 parallel outputs. Each motor requires 2 control bits (STEP and DIR), allowing precise control of all 48 motors simultaneously.

3. Hierarchical Organization:

   • 1 ESP32-C3: Single point of control and decision-making
   • 12 Shift Registers: Each controlling 4 motors (8 bits per register)
   • 12 VID6606 Drivers: Each driving 4 motors independently
   • 48 Motors: Organized in 4 groups of 12 (one per digit displayed)

4. Data Flow Pipeline:

   Time/Animation Logic → Motor Position Calculation → SPI Data Preparation → 
   Hardware SPI Transfer (10µs) → Parallel Latch → Simultaneous Motor Update

All motor blocks are linked together

A motor block

Motor Control

BKA30D-R5 Stepper Motors

Features:

• Type: Bipolar stepper motor
• Current: 20 mA per motor
• Resolution: 360° continuous rotation
• Torque: Suitable for lightweight hands (acrylic)

The motor itself with its PCB to connect to the motor driver

VID6606 Drivers

Each VID6606 driver (or equivalent AX1201728SG/STI6606z) can control 4 motors with only 2 signals per motor:

• STEP: Step signal (rising edge = one step)
• DIR: Direction (HIGH/LOW)

The AX1201728SG driver is connected to 4 motors (the two connectors on its right and left). On top, the shift register

TPIC6C595 Shift Registers

• Quantity: 12 x 8-bit registers in cascade
• Total: 96 bits of control for 48 motors (2 bits/motor)
• Communication: Hardware SPI interface from ESP32-C3
• Clock Speed: 10 MHz
• Data Transfer: 12 bytes (96 bits) in approximately 10 µs
• Signals:
  • MOSI (Data Out): Serial data to first register
  • SCK (Shift Clock): Shift clock at 10 MHz
  • SS (Latch Clock): Synchronous output latch

Key Advantages:

1. Hardware SPI Optimization: Using the ESP32-C3's hardware SPI peripheral instead of bit-banging provides significant performance improvement. The 10 MHz clock allows extremely fast data transfer of all 12 bytes in approximately 10 microseconds.
2. Perfect Synchronization: The latch mechanism ensures all 48 motors receive their new commands simultaneously in a single atomic operation. There is no timing skew between motors - they all update at exactly the same moment when the latch signal is triggered.
3. Monolithic Control: This architecture provides a single point of control with zero concurrency issues. All motor states are managed centrally by the ESP32-C3, eliminating the complexity and synchronization challenges found in distributed control systems using multiple microcontrollers.
4. Deterministic Timing: The fast SPI transfer combined with the synchronous latch ensures predictable, jitter-free motor updates, critical for smooth visual animations.

Time Synchronization

DS3231 RTC Module

• Accuracy: ±2 ppm (±1 minute/year)
• Interface: I2C
• Battery: CR2032 backup for timekeeping

DCF77 Receiver

• Module: CANADUINO DCF77 Radio Clock Receiver Kit V2
• Frequency: 77.5 kHz (transmitter in Mainflingen, Germany)
• Range: ~2000 km in optimal conditions
• Accuracy: Atomic clock synchronization
• Function: Automatic DS3231 recalibration

DST (Daylight Saving Time) Management

The firmware implements European rules:

• Summer Time Start: Last Sunday of March at 2:00 → 3:00 (UTC+2)
• Winter Time Start: Last Sunday of October at 3:00 → 2:00 (UTC+1)
• Automatic Calculation: Zeller's algorithm to determine Sundays

Hardware

Main Board

Files: elec/clockclock_main/ → PDF Schematic

Main board fully wired

Clock starts

Main Components

User Interface

Buttons:

• PIN 0: Rotary encoder button
• PIN 1: Mode (short = config, long = calibration)
• PIN 10: Shutdown (long press)

Rotary Encoder:

• PIN 2: Encoder A (interrupt)
• PIN 3: Encoder B (interrupt)

Only one button is connected (the orange button here), and it is used to enter the "shutdown" mode

Motor Boards

Files: elec/clokclock_stepper/ → PDF Schematic

Each board is very simple and connects a BKA30D-R5 motor to its VID6606 driver.

Total: 24 identical motor boards

Row of motors mounted on the main frame

Power Supply

• Source: Standard USB-C charger
• Voltage: 5V DC
• Current: Minimum 1.5A recommended
• Regulation: Integrated on ESP32-C3-DevKitM-1 (3.3V logic)

Hands

This is the part that took most of the design time! I tried many different materials and manufacturing methods before settling on laser-cut acrylic hands.

The challenge is to be able to manufacture hands that can be unmounted/remounted easily and that fit perfectly on the motor shaft.
In addition, the hands should be as close together as possible in order to maintain a good viewing angle when looking at the clock from the side.

Mounted hands

Here is the final solution I adopted: Hands assembly

Both the top and bottom hands are in two acrylic parts glued together.
The top one as a 1mm acrylic part glued to a 3mm part that fits on the motor shaft.
The bottom one is a 3mm part glued to a 3mm part that fits on the motor shaft.

Firmware

Development Environment

• Framework: Arduino (PlatformIO)
• Platform: Espressif32
• Language: C++20 (GNU++2a)
• IDE: VSCode + PlatformIO recommended

Code Structure

firmware/
├── platformio.ini          # Project configuration
├── include/
│   └── cfg.hpp            # Global constants (motors count, pins, etc.)
└── src/
    ├── main.cpp           # Entry point
    ├── time_manager.*     # Time management and DST
    ├── ntp_sync.*         # Optional NTP sync (dev only)
    ├── animation/         # Animation system
    │   ├── animation_manager.*
    │   ├── wave_animation.*
    │   └── sync_rotation_animation.*
    ├── button/            # Button and encoder handling
    │   └── button.*
    ├── mode/              # Operating modes
    │   ├── mode.*
    │   ├── calibration.*
    │   └── cfg_time.*
    └── motor/             # Motor control
        ├── motor_motion.* # Mapping and sequences
        ├── motion.*       # Display logic
        ├── shift_register.* # SPI interface
        └── AccelStepper.* # Movement library

Operating Modes

The firmware implements several operation modes:

1. MODE_CLOCK_DISPLAY (default)

• Display current time
• Update every minute
• Execute scheduled animations
• Sync with RTC every 500ms

2. MODE_CLOCK_CONFIG

• Manual time configuration
• Navigation with rotary encoder
• Button validation
• 20s timeout → return to display

3. MODE_CALIB (calibration)

• Access: long press MODE button
• Function: Reset zero position of all motors
• Sequence: rotation to reference position, manual validation, save new origin

4. MODE_SHUTDOWN

• Access: long press SHUTDOWN button
• All motors return to neutral position (0°)
• Power saving mode

Animation System

The AnimationManager enables choreographed animations:

Available Animations:

1. Wave Animation: Undulating wave across all motors
2. Sync Rotation: Synchronized rotation of all motors
3. Custom: Possibility to implement new animations

Triggering:

• Scheduled: At specific times (e.g., every hour)
• Manual: Via user interface
• Transition: Between digit changes

Libraries

PlatformIO dependencies:

• NorthernWidget/DS3231@1.1.2: RTC interface
• arduino-libraries/NTPClient@^3.2.1: Optional NTP sync

Build and Flash

Prerequisites

# Install PlatformIO CLI
pip install platformio

# Or via VSCode: Install "PlatformIO IDE" extension

Build

cd firmware/
pio run

Upload to ESP32-C3

# Via USB
pio run --target upload

# Serial monitor
pio device monitor

WiFi Configuration (Optional)

To enable NTP sync during development, enable NTP_WIFI_SYNC define in main.cpp and configure your WiFi credentials.

Note: In production, WiFi is not required thanks to the DCF77 module.

Configuration

Motor Parameters

Motor speed and acceleration can be adjusted in firmware/src/motor/motor_motion.cpp.

Timezone Configuration

The firmware is configured for Central European Time (CET/CEST) by default. To change timezone, modify the DST configuration in main.cpp.

Initial Calibration

1. Power on the device
2. Long press MODE button → Calibration mode
3. Verify physical alignment of hands
4. Validate with encoder button
5. System saves new zero reference

Schematics and Documentation

Electronic Design Files

Datasheets

All datasheets are available in the datasheet/ folder:

• Motor: BKA30D-R5.webp
• Driver: VID28 user manual
• DCF77: CANADUINO_Atomic_Clock_Receiver_Kit_V2.pdf

Development Notes

Debug

The code includes conditional debug flags that can be enabled in respective source files:

• DEBUG - General messages
• DEBUG_MOTION - Motor control debug
• DEBUG_TIME_MGMT - Time management debug
• DEBUG_ANIMATION - Animation debug
• DEBUG_MODE - Mode debug

Pre-commit Hooks

Git pre-commit configuration available: .pre-commit-config.yaml

pip install -r requirements.txt
pre-commit install

License

This project is open-source. Free to use and modify.

Acknowledgments

Inspired by the artistic work of Humans Since 1982.